Question 1

What is normal blood flow rate?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output is 4-8 L/min at rest. Cerebral blood flow is about 750 mL/min (15% of cardiac output).

Question 2

How is blood flow measured?

Accepted Answer

Doppler ultrasound, thermodilution, electromagnetic flowmeters, or cardiac output monitors in clinical settings.

Question 3

How does pipe diameter affect flow rate?

Accepted Answer

Flow rate is proportional to the square of diameter. Doubling pipe diameter quadruples potential flow rate at the same pressure.

Question 4

What's the difference between volume and mass flow rate?

Accepted Answer

Volume flow (gallons/min) ignores fluid density. Mass flow (kg/s) accounts for density, important when density changes with temperature or pressure.

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